Headmaster notes and past paper

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mubarrah
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Re: Headmaster notes and past paper

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(5) Project Method: it is a problematic act carried to completion in its natural setting. There are following steps in this method (a) provision of a situation (b) selection of objectives (c) planning (d) execution (e) evaluation (f) recording. It is based upon psychological and sociological principles. It develops insight toward life problem. Project startegy provides an opportunity for work experience, divergent thinking and social efficiency.
There are some demerits in this method. It is time consuming. Teacher is overloaded with work. Students gain outward ideas of subjects only. Text and reference materials are found with scarcity. It is expenrive.syllabus of advance classes cannot be covered with this method, as it requires greater time.

(6) Activity Method: activity method brings the students close to the real life situation. they get first hand experience in an enviornment in which they are performing certain activity. It is recognized that the directed activities give reality to learning and effective teaching uses all available sources. There are different types of activities (a) Exploratory- knowledge getting (b) Constructive- experience getting (c) Expressional- presentation.

(7) Inductive Method: in this method, the child is enabled to arrive at the general conclusion, establish laws or formulate generalizations through the observation of particular facts, and concrete examples. A universal truth is proved by showing that, if it is true for a particular case
and is further true for a reasonably adequate number of cases, it is true for all such cases. The formula of generalization is thus arrived at through a convincing process of reasoning and solving of problems. It is a logical method. It gives opportunity of active participation. It reduces dependence on memorization and homework. It is based on actual observation, thinking and experimentation.
Its drawbacks: it is limited in range. It is not absolutely conclusive. Three or four cases are picked up to generalize an observation. It is laborious and time consuming. At the advanced stage, it is not so useful as some of the unnecessary details and explanations may become dull and boring.

(8) Deductive Method: it is the opposite of the inductive method. Here the learner proceeds from general to particular, abstract to concrete and formula to examples. The method is short and time saving.it glorifies memory, as the students have to memorize a considerable number of formulas and definations. It enhances speed and efficiency in solving problems.
But it also have some drawbacks as it is very difficult for a beginner to understand an abstract formula if it is not preceded by a number of concrete instances. Use of this method will demand the blind memorization. Here memory is more important than intelligence. The students can't become active learners. It is not suitable for the development of thinking, reasoning and discovery.
mubarrah
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Re: Headmaster notes and past paper

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(9) Drill Method: there is repeated performance of a learning act until a desired level of skill to do the act correctly is attained or the teacher and student settle for a lesser level of competency. The performance may be verbal, as in music, speaking a foreign language, and speech correction and therapy; written, as in mathematics, spelling, and shorthand, or manual as in industrial arts, art, athletics and physical education, and typing.

(10) Group Differentiated Method: it is based on the principle that no student is particularly different from any group or class of students. All students are equally capable and efficient. It is a balanced instruction for individuals and groups.
This instruction is imparted collectively to a group of students at the same time and place. It develops a spirit of competition. It promotes debating and discussion. It promotes social development and consciousmess among the students for greater cooperation, sympathy, sacrifice, affection and loving behavior. It saves time and money. In other words within limited / lesser resources instruction is imparted to a great number of students.

(11) Question Answer Method: the Socratic startegy is known as question answer strategy. It is developed by Socrates. He assumes that all knowledge within the learner and teacher has to unfold it. He assumes that teacher should present the subject matter in such a way that learner recognizes the truth and he can identify himself with it.
Socrates has suggested three steps in this strategy: (a) to prepare questions and arrange them in a sequence.
(b) to present the questions in appropriate way so that curosity may be created among the learners.
(c) to ask new questions by liking with the learner's responses. Teacher is able to recognize the intention of learner and provides motivation accordingly.
It provides motivation and encouragement. It makes learners active in the classroom. It involves psychological principles of learning. It is more useful at primary and secondary level.
Its limitations are that it is mechanical startegy and limited to memory level in the classroom climate. It can't be used in the teaching at higher classes.

(12) Problem Solving Method: it is a manner of dealing with that, which is problematic. A method involving clear defination of problems confronted, formation of hypothetical solutions or suggestion, deliberate test of hypothesis until evidence warrants its acceptance. this method is considered to be an excellent method since it develops skill and scientific attitude. Students become self dependent, self reliant and self confident.
But this is a long and slow process in which too much stress is laid on practical work. It presupposes that all the students are problem solvers. Pupils learn facts themselves. This is real education / learning. Acting in new situation is learnt. Curiosities of pupils are satisfied.

(13) Lecture Method: lecture lays emphasis on the presentation of the content. Teacher is more active and students are passive participants but he uses question answer technique to keep them attentive in the class. Teacher controls and plans for all acts of students. There are 5 steps: (a) preparation (b) presentation (c) comparison or association (d) generalization (e) application.
It is an economical teaching method. Very high order of cognitive objectives may be achieved by this method.
This method can be used in higher classes but it can not easily used in elementary classes. It can't be used for achieving the pychomotor objectives and the highest order of effective objectives.
mubarrah
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Re: Headmaster notes and past paper

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Salient Features of National Education Policies

Council of Technical Education for pakistan would be established 1947

Compulsory Physical Education in Schools 1947

A Central Institute of Islamic Research would be established 1947

Advisory Board of Education would be established 1947

Inter University Board would be established 1947

A scheme would be prepared for the setting up of National Library and Museum in Pakistan 1947

Overseas Scholarship Scheme would be started 1947

Industrial Homes for Women would be established 1947

Possible use of Educational Broadcast and Educational Films would be made at all stages of education 1947

University Act / Ordinance would be Amended 1959

National Cadet Core would be established 1959

Pilot Schools Scheme would be introduced 1959

Comprehensive Schools Scheme would be introduced 1959

New Boards would be established at Peshawar, Hyderabad and Rajshahi 1959

Secondary Education would be Seperated From University Education 1959

University Grants Commission was proposed 1959

Text Boards for curriculum and text book improvement would be established 1959

Committee of Advanced Studies at each University would be established 1959

No New Government and Private Colleges would be started 1970

Participation of Students in Management of Institutes would be encouraged 1970

Divisions and Classes would be abolished 1970

Public Examination would he held at 7th, 10th, 11th and Degree classes 1970

No Fees would be charged to Children at Primary Schools and Girls would not pay any Fee at Middle Schools 1970

Five Seperate Administrative Establishments at Provincial Level Outside the Govermment Secretariat For School Education, College Education, Adult Education, Uni Education and Vocational Education would be established 1970

Universities would be Autonomous in Finance, Administration and Streamlinig of Internal Administration 1970

Academic Council and Senate at University Level would be established 1970

Book Boards for Books and Curricula Development would be established 1970

National Education Core would be established 1970
mubarrah
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Re: Headmaster notes and past paper

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Mendatory Military Training for Girls and Boys ( students) 1972

Centres of Excellence in Universities would be established 1972

Inter University Board would be emerged in University Grants Commission 1972

Book Banks would be established 1972

New Universities would be established at Multan, Sakhar and Saidu Sharif 1972

New BISE would be established at Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Bahawalpur, Khanpur and Saidu Sharif 1972

People's Open University (AIOU) would be established 1972

Nationalization of Private Institutes 1972

Rooting up of Literacy was stressed 1972-80

Seperate Chapters on Elementary and Adult Education were discussed 1972-80

University Grants Commission would be established 1972

University Act / Ordinance would be Replaced 1972

National Service Core would be established 1972

National Institute of Pakistan Studies at Islamabad University would be established 1972

National Curriculum Bureau would be established 1972

National Book Foundation would be established 1972

National Research Fellowship would be introduced 1972

National Professorship Programme would be started 1972

National Sports Trust would be established 1972

National Students Centre would be established 1978

National Centre for Science Education would be established 1978

National Institute of Educational Research would be established 1978

National Council on Adult Education at AIOU would be established 1978

Guidance and Counciling Service would be introduced 1978

An Academy of Educational Planning and Management would be established 1978

National Educational Council would be established 1978

Bureau of Placement would be established 1978

Masjid Maktab School Scheme would be started 1978

School Uniform prescribed 1978

Mathematics would be introduced as a Compulsory Subject 1978

Shariah Faculty in Islamic University would be established 1978

Book Bank Scheme would be re casted 1978

Admission Committees would be constituted 1978
mubarrah
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Re: Headmaster notes and past paper

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Modern Scientific Subjects would be introduced 1992

Quran Nazira would be started from Class 1 to 8 1992

Primary Directorates would be created at Federal and Provincial level 1992

Seperate Higher Education Service Policy would be formulated 1992

Liberal Grants would be provided to Universities 1992

Colleges of Distance Education in Provinces would be established 1992

compulsory Community
Service/Education would be introduced 1992

School Management Committee would be established 1992

National Council of Academic Award would be established 1992

Academies of Educational Planning and Management would be established by Provincial Govt 1992

Academy of Educational Planning and Management would be strengthened 1992

Directorate of Colleges at Divisional Level would be established 1992

Mobile Teacher Training Units would be established 1992

Computer Education would be a Part of Curriculum at School Level 1992

Project of Basic Education Community Schools would be started 1998

Literacy Act would be implemented 1998

National Council of Technical Education would be established 1998

National Institute of Teacher Education (NITE) would be established 1998

Selected Disciplines at Major Universities would be Transformed into Centres of Advanced Studies and Research 1998

National Literacy Movement would be started 1998

National Testing Service would be started 1998

Education Service Commission would be established 1998

Education Cards to Needy Students would be provided 1998

Cluster Center Schools would be started 1998

Matric Tech in 10% Secondary Schools would be introduced 1998

Teacher Foundations in All Provinces would be established 1998

Multiple Text Books at Secondary School Level would be introduced 1998

Project Method of Teaching at Secondary Level would be initiated 1998

Assessment Items and Question Banks would be established 1998

Vocational Training Schools At District Headquarter would be opened 1998

Day Care Centres Near Schools would be opened 1998

Education Loan Scheme would be started 1998

Teacher Service Training Academy would be established 1998

One Year B.A Honours Course after B.A B.S.C would be introduced in all colleges 1998

Model Schools at Each District would be established 1998

New Disciplines Emerging Sciences in Public Universities would be established 1998

System of Assessment of Teacher's Performance would be introduced 1998

Contract System for Teachers would be introduced 1998

Education Loan Scheme would be started 1998

Translation Houses at Provincial and Federal Level would be establishe 1998

Paper Schools would be abolished 1998

Radio and Television would be used for Literacy 1998

World of Work would be prepared 1998
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